https://selvi.org/en/blog/ Fire protection engineering guides on NFPA, BS EN 12845 and FM Global standards. en Mon, 12 Oct 2026 19:00:32 +0000 © 2026 Fatih Selvi selvi.org static (scripts/build-feeds.py) https://selvi.org/images/og-selvi-en.pnghttps://selvi.org/en/blog/ https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/self-storage-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/self-storage-fire-protection Self-storage fire protection: NFPA 13 OH2/EH1 hazard class, water demand, Turkish BYKHY compliance, smoke control, sprinkler type, pump sizing, checklist. NFPA Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/ig-541-vs-hfc-227ea-vs-fk-5-1-12 https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/ig-541-vs-hfc-227ea-vs-fk-5-1-12 IG-541 vs HFC-227ea (FM-200) vs FK-5-1-12 per NFPA 2001-2025: design concentration, NOAEL and O₂ limits, discharge time, storage, quantity per m³ at 21 °C. Comparison Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-33-carousel-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-33-carousel-storage FM DS 8-33 carousels: 6-12 mm/min ceiling densities over 186 m2, 84 L/min per in-rack sprinkler, 1.1 m separation and the horizontal carousel exception. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-30-carpet-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-30-carpet-storage FM DS 8-30 carpet storage: in-rack sprinklers above 12 ft in standard racks, the 22 gpm rule, 36 in. clearance, a 500 gpm hose allowance and a 2-hour supply. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-24-idle-pallet-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-24-idle-pallet-storage FM DS 8-24 idle pallet storage: outdoor separation from 15 to 150 ft, the 5 ft limit in production areas, plastic pallets as UUP and Table 3 protection. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-23-rolled-nonwoven-fabric-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-23-rolled-nonwoven-fabric-storage FM DS 8-23 rolled nonwoven fabric: 30 ft ceiling limit on the floor, 12 K14.0 sprinklers at 75 psi in racks, no dry-pipe systems and the loft factor 25 rule. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-22-baled-fiber-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-8-22-baled-fiber-storage FM DS 8-22 baled storage: 1,000 m2 outdoor piles and 6.1 m height, 150 m2 indoor piles, the 30% plastics threshold and the 2-hour water supply requirement. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-7-pump-acceptance-annual-test https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-7-pump-acceptance-annual-test FM DS 3-7 fire pump acceptance test: six flow points to 150%, 6 manual and 6 automatic starts, a 1-hour run, 65% pressure at 150% flow and speed correction. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-29-reliable-water-supply https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-29-reliable-water-supply FM DS 3-29 reliable water supply: preference order of 6 supply types, 8 conditions that undermine reliability and the loss data behind 80% of failures. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-26-water-demand-worked-example https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-3-26-water-demand-worked-example FM DS 3-26 water demand step by step: HC-1/2/3 density and area, 950 and 1,900 L/min hose allowances, 60 minutes and four worked examples from 91 to 450 m3. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-2-81-test-frequency-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-2-81-test-frequency-table FM DS 2-81 ITM frequencies: weekly valve checks, monthly physical tests, 3-yearly full-flow trip tests, the 120 ml obstruction rule and 30-minute diesel churn. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-2-0-pipe-sizing-hydraulic-criteria https://selvi.org/en/blog/fmglobal/ds-2-0-pipe-sizing-hydraulic-criteria FM DS 2-0 pipe sizing: default C=120 and C=100, 1 in. (25 mm) minimum size, grid and loop limits, 60 s water delivery and the 13.8 bar hydrostatic test. FM Global Guides Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/bykhy-existing-buildings https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/bykhy-existing-buildings BYKHY for existing buildings: the 19.12.2007 permit cut-off, change of use and major alterations, Part Ten escape rules and Article 165(1) sprinkler thresholds. BYKHY Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/sprinkler-commissioning-protocol https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/sprinkler-commissioning-protocol Sprinkler commissioning under NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 29: hydrostatic test (200 psi, 2 hours), flushing, dry pipe valve trip test, backflow preventer test, main drain test and documentation, with interactive explainers and a field checklist. NFPA Guides Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/nfpa-standards-edition-years https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa/nfpa-standards-edition-years First, current and next edition years of all 246 active NFPA codes and standards, and where the 90 consolidated and 80 withdrawn documents went. Source: nfpa.org, October 5, 2026. NFPA Guides Mon, 05 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hose-reel-and-hydrant-extra-water-demand https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hose-reel-and-hydrant-extra-water-demand Water added to the tank for hose cabinets and hydrants: BYKHY Annex 8/C, the four routes of Article 92 and TS EN 12845 9.2, 9.6.4, 9.3.2, with a worked example. BYKHY Fri, 02 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/what-is-a-fire-compartment https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/what-is-a-fire-compartment Fire compartment under BYKHY: Article 4(tt) definition, Article 24 rules, Annex 1 hazard classes, Annex 4 maximum areas and Annex 3/B, 3/C fire resistance. BYKHY Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/insurance-claim-denial-reasons https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/insurance-claim-denial-reasons Unreported impairments, missing ITM records and occupancy drift from the design basis: three reasons fire claims are declined, and how to prevent them. Field Notes Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/wrong-k-factor-selection-cost https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/wrong-k-factor-selection-cost A worked Q = K√P example: how the wrong sprinkler K-factor distorts pump pressure, tank volume and ESFR/CMSA design, and what a retrofit really involves. Field Notes Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/sprinkler-installation-mistakes-gallery https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/sprinkler-installation-mistakes-gallery Deflector distance, duct and beam obstructions, painted heads, caps, escutcheons, orientation, hangers and storage clearance: 10 mistakes, sketched. Field Notes Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/sports-hall-and-stadium-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/sports-hall-and-stadium-fire-protection Sports hall and stadium fire protection: classification, high ceilings, under-stand spaces, smoke control, water supply, PA integration, BYKHY and a checklist. Solution Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/residential-apartment-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/residential-apartment-fire-protection Residential fire protection: NFPA 13/13R and EN 16925, residential sprinklers, car parks and lockers, pressure, alarm and smoke control, BYKHY and a checklist. Solution Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/quick-response-vs-standard-response-sprinklers https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/quick-response-vs-standard-response-sprinklers Quick vs standard response sprinklers: RTI, mandatory and prohibited uses, mixing rules, dry systems, ESFR and identifying them on site by SIN. Field Notes Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/plastics-injection-moulding-plant-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/plastics-injection-moulding-plant-fire-protection Plastics moulding plant fire protection: classification, hydraulic units, dust, plastics storage and ESFR, water supply, smoke venting, BYKHY and a checklist. Solution Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/pharmaceutical-plant-cleanroom-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/pharmaceutical-plant-cleanroom-fire-protection Pharma fire protection: cleanroom sprinklers, pressure cascade and smoke scenario, solvents and ATEX, clean agents, firewater retention, BYKHY and a checklist. Solution Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/office-building-fire-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/cozumler/office-building-fire-protection Office fire protection: hazard class, concealed voids, archives and car parks, water supply, alarm and smoke control interface, Turkish rules and a checklist. Solution Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-water-supplies https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-water-supplies NFPA 13 water supplies: acceptable sources, flow tests, safety margin, hose allowance and duration by hazard class, and how to size the tank. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-underground-piping https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-underground-piping Underground fire mains to NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 6 (from NFPA 24): pipe materials, cover depth, thrust blocks, restrained joints, flushing, 200 psi test. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-system-types https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-system-types NFPA 13 system types: wet, dry, pre-action, deluge and antifreeze; the 30% area increase, dry system water delivery time and the listed antifreeze rule. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-system-components-pipe-fittings-valves https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-system-components-pipe-fittings-valves NFPA 13 system components: pipe wall thickness by joining method, CPVC limits, fitting rules, indicating valves and control valve supervision. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-scope-purpose-structure https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-scope-purpose-structure What NFPA 13 covers, what it leaves to NFPA 20, 22, 24 and 25, how it is organised and why edition differences matter, explained by an engineer. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-residential-sprinklers https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-residential-sprinklers NFPA 13 residential sprinklers: where allowed, the four-adjacent-sprinkler and 0.1 gpm/ft² rule, deflector distances and differences from 13R and 13D. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-obstruction-rules https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-obstruction-rules NFPA 13 obstruction rules: the beam rule, the three-times rule and 600 mm (24 in) cap, sprinklers under obstructions over 4 ft wide, EC, residential and ESFR. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-extended-coverage-sprinklers https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-extended-coverage-sprinklers NFPA 13 EC sprinklers: listed square coverage up to 37.2 m² (400 ft²), 2.4 m minimum spacing, hydraulics on listed area and stricter obstruction rules. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-definitions-core-concepts https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-definitions-core-concepts Listed vs approved, quick response and RTI, obstructed construction, concealed spaces and area of operation in NFPA 13, and how each shapes design. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-plans-and-hydraulic-calculations https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-plans-and-hydraulic-calculations NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 28 working plans and hydraulics: Hazen-Williams, C-factors, equivalent lengths, junction balancing, supply curve and data sign. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-requirements-for-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-requirements-for-storage NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 20: commodity classes, plastic pallets, mixed commodities, storage arrangement, clearance, flue spaces, idle pallets and solid shelves. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-standard-spray-sprinklers https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-standard-spray-sprinklers NFPA 13 standard spray sprinklers: S × L coverage, maximum area and spacing by hazard, the 0.5 bar (7 psi) minimum pressure and deflector position. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-sprinkler-location-rules https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-sprinkler-location-rules NFPA 13 general location rules: ceiling and construction type, 1.8 m minimum spacing, wall and storage clearances, concealed spaces, special locations. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-special-occupancies-and-referenced-standards https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-special-occupancies-and-referenced-standards NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 27 special occupancies and Chapter 2 references: NFPA 30, 33, 45, 75, 409, 909, kitchens (8.9), edition alignment and mix-ups. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-seismic-protection https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-seismic-protection NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 18: flexible coupling locations, clearance, 12 m lateral and 24 m longitudinal brace spacing, Fpw = Cp·Wp (Cp = 0.754·SDS). NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-rubber-tire-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-rubber-tire-storage NFPA 13 rubber tyre storage: on-side, on-tread, laced and rack arrangements, protection approach, FM Global DS 8-3 equivalent and common site mistakes. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-roll-paper-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-roll-paper-storage NFPA 13 roll paper: heavyweight, mediumweight, lightweight and tissue (20.4.10); vertical/horizontal, banded/unbanded, wrapped storage; hose allowance, FM DS 8-21. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-installing-piping-valves-appurtenances https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-installing-piping-valves-appurtenances NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 16: control valve supervision, main drain sizes, inspector's test, fire department connection, gauges, relief valves and pitch. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-ordinary-hazard-group-2 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-ordinary-hazard-group-2 NFPA 13-2025 OH2 design data: 8.1 mm/min over 140 m² (6.9 mm/min over 280 m² under the concealed space rule), 250 gpm hose allowance, 60 or 90 min, 130 ft² per sprinkler. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-ordinary-hazard-group-1 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-ordinary-hazard-group-1 NFPA 13-2025 OH1 design data: 6.1 mm/min over 140 m² (4.9 mm/min over 280 m² under the concealed space rule), 250 gpm hose allowance, 60 or 90 min, 130 ft² per sprinkler. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-modifying-existing-systems https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-modifying-existing-systems NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 30: modifying existing systems, hydraulic analysis with current supply data, the 20-sprinkler test rule, dry system air tests, impairment. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-light-hazard https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-light-hazard NFPA 13-2025 LH design data: 4.1 mm/min over 140 m² (2.9 mm/min over 280 m² under the concealed space rule), 100 gpm hose allowance, 30 min, 225 ft² per sprinkler. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-in-rack-sprinklers https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-in-rack-sprinklers NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 25 in-rack sprinklers: when needed, placement in flues, water shields, 0.5 bar minimum, hydraulic balance with ceiling, valves. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-idle-pallet-storage https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-idle-pallet-storage NFPA 13 idle pallet storage: wood vs plastic pallets, indoor and outdoor storage, pallets in racks, plastic pallets raising commodity class, FM DS 8-24. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/nfpa-13-hazard-classification-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/nfpa-13-hazard-classification-guide NFPA 13 LH, OH1, OH2, EH1 and EH2: definitions, examples, Table 19.2.3.1.1 densities and areas, hose allowance and duration, mixed occupancies and the storage threshold. Comprehensive Guides Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-hanging-and-support https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-hanging-and-support NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 17 hanger requirements: hanger spacing, the 5× water-filled pipe plus 115 kg load rule, end sprinkler distances, riser support and site errors. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-c-plastics https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-c-plastics NFPA 13 Group C plastics: rigid PVC, PTFE, PCTFE, PVDC, PVDF, melamine, phenolics, urea formaldehyde. Protected as Class III; examples and mistakes. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-b-plastics https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-b-plastics NFPA 13-2025 Group B plastics (20.4.6): chloroprene rubber, ECTFE/ETFE/FEP and silicone rubber. Protected as Class IV; nylon and natural rubber are Group A. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-a-plastics https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-group-a-plastics NFPA 13 Group A plastics: PE, PP, PS, ABS, PET, nylon, polyurethane. Expanded/unexpanded and cartoned/exposed thresholds (20.4.5), protection and FM equivalents. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-requirements https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-general-requirements NFPA 13-2025 general requirements: listed products, complete coverage, 52,000/78,000/40,000 ft² per-riser limits, mezzanines and 175 psi rating. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-extra-hazard-group-2 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-extra-hazard-group-2 NFPA 13-2025 EH2 design data: 16.3 mm/min over 230 m² (15.5 mm/min over 280 m² with the concealed space rule), 1900 L/min hose, 90 or 120 min. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-extra-hazard-group-1 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-extra-hazard-group-1 NFPA 13-2025 EH1 design data: 12.2 mm/min over 230 m² (11.4 mm/min over 280 m² with the concealed space rule), 1900 L/min hose, 90 or 120 min. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-design-approaches https://selvi.org/en/blog/nfpa13/nfpa-13-design-approaches NFPA 13-2025 Chapter 19: Table 19.2.3.1.1 density/area, hose allowance and duration, room design method, quick-response and dry system adjustments. NFPA 13 Clause Guide Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-class-iv-commodity https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/nfpa-13-class-iv-commodity NFPA 13 Class IV commodity: Group B plastic products, free-flowing Group A plastics or products with a limited Group A share (20.4.4). Thresholds, examples, protection. Data Tables Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000