https://selvi.org/en/blog/ Fire protection engineering guides on NFPA, BS EN 12845 and FM Global standards. en Fri, 18 Sep 2026 12:19:06 +0000 © 2026 Fatih Selvi selvi.org static (scripts/build-feeds.py) https://selvi.org/images/og-selvi-en.pnghttps://selvi.org/en/blog/ https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/which-standard-applies-in-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/which-standard-applies-in-turkey Which standard BYKHY leaves sprinkler design to, whether to choose NFPA 13 or EN 12845, and how insurer and investor requirements are managed. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/buildings-requiring-sprinklers-in-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/buildings-requiring-sprinklers-in-turkey The criteria that decide whether sprinklers are required, the effect of occupancy class and height, how area thresholds work, and reasons to fit sprinklers where they are not mandatory. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-the-k-factor https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-the-k-factor What the K-factor is, how it is calculated, the metric and imperial notation difference, selection by hazard class, tolerance and the most common unit error on site. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-the-area-of-operation https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-the-area-of-operation What the area of operation is, why it must be rectangular, the 1.2 root A rule, how the hydraulically most remote position is found and how the corridor problem is solved. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-water-curtain https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-water-curtain What a water curtain is, whether it replaces a fire compartment, its use in cooling glazed facades, design criteria and common mistakes. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-pre-action-system https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-pre-action-system What a pre-action system is, the difference between single interlock, double interlock and non-interlock types, where it is used and what to watch in design. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-deluge-system https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-a-deluge-system What a deluge system is, what an open head means, where it is used, what simultaneous operation of every head means for design, and the water supply consequences. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-thermal-runaway https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-thermal-runaway What thermal runaway is, its triggers, cell-to-cell propagation, why cooling matters more than extinguishing, and the NFPA 855 approach. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-rti https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-rti What RTI is, its unit, the Standard A, Special and Quick classes, why quick response is mandatory for ESFR and why using QR in a warehouse is a mistake. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-npsh https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-npsh What NPSH is, the difference between NPSHa and NPSHr, the effect of water temperature, the 1 m margin rule, suction pipe design and the field symptoms of cavitation. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-flue-space https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-flue-space What flue space is, the difference between longitudinal and transverse flues, the EN 12845 minimum dimensions, protecting them with pallet stops and why it is a major finding at inspection. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-design-density https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-design-density What design density is, why it is read together with the area of operation, converting mm/min to gpm/ft², values by hazard class and the area increase on dry systems. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-cold-soldering https://selvi.org/en/blog/glossary/what-is-cold-soldering What cold soldering is, why the neighbouring sprinkler fails to open, the EN 12845 2 m minimum spacing rule, the baffle solution and the exceptions. Glossary Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/wet-dry-alternate-preaction-compared https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/wet-dry-alternate-preaction-compared A comparison of the four sprinkler installation types: medium in the pipe, water delivery time, design area increase, corrosion and maintenance burden, Type A against Type B pre-action, and a step-by-step decision flow. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/warehouse-protection-field-findings https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/warehouse-protection-field-findings The operational changes that invalidate warehouse protection — commodity change, exceeded heights, closed flues, packaging changes and rack reconfiguration. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/warehouse-fire-protection-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/warehouse-fire-protection-guide Commodity classification, storage arrangement, height, the ESFR-CMSA-in-rack decision, flue space, ceiling height and water supply — the whole of warehouse protection. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/fire-design-approval-process-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/fire-design-approval-process-turkey What stages a fire design goes through, when the fire authority opinion is obtained, which documents are asked for, how revisions are managed and how to shorten the process. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/k-factor-table-k57-k480 https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/k-factor-table-k57-k480 A complete sprinkler K-factor table: metric (K57 to K480) against imperial (K4.2 to K33.6), nominal orifice, typical use, minimum pressures and a flow-by-pressure table. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/closed-valve-failures https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/closed-valve-failures Why control valves are left shut, how it is noticed, tamper switches and locking arrangements, the impairment procedure and preventive checks. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/commissioning-mistakes-checklist https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/commissioning-mistakes-checklist Flushing, pressure testing, pump settings, alarm integration, labelling and handover documentation — the mistakes that recur at commissioning and how to avoid them. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/certification-schemes-compared https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/certification-schemes-compared Whether CE marking is the same as product approval, the difference between UL listing and FM approval, where LPCB and VdS sit, and which certificate to ask for on a project. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/sprinkler-temperature-colour-code-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/sprinkler-temperature-colour-code-table A complete sprinkler temperature rating table: glass bulb and fusible link colour codes in separate columns, the ambient plus 30 C selection rule, selection by space and a comparison with the NFPA 13 group names. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/sprinkler-pipe-material-comparison https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/sprinkler-pipe-material-comparison A comparison of sprinkler pipe materials: permitted hazard classes, Hazen-Williams C coefficient, jointing methods, corrosion resistance, wall thickness classes and hanger spacing differences. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/sprinkler-obstruction-field-cases https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/sprinkler-obstruction-field-cases Typical obstructions that disturb sprinkler distribution, which rule applies at which distance, obstructions created by refurbishment, and how to correct them. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/sprinkler-hydraulic-calculation-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/sprinkler-hydraulic-calculation-guide The whole hydraulic calculation from Q=K√P through Hazen-Williams, equivalent lengths, elevation, node balancing and checking the result. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/smoke-detection-point-beam-aspirating https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/smoke-detection-point-beam-aspirating A comparison of smoke detectors: point, beam and aspirating (VESDA type) systems. Operating principle, ceiling height, coverage, sensitivity, response to air movement, maintenance and selection by space. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/shopping-centre-fire-protection-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/shopping-centre-fire-protection-turkey Atrium smoke control in a shopping centre, hazard classification inside units, the risk created by tenant fit-outs, and the special cases of cinemas, play areas and food courts. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh4-ordinary-hazard-4 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh4-ordinary-hazard-4 EN 12845 class OH4: 5.00 mm/min density, 360 m² area of operation, 60 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh3-ordinary-hazard-3 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh3-ordinary-hazard-3 EN 12845 class OH3: 5.00 mm/min density, 216 m² area of operation, 60 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh2-ordinary-hazard-2 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh2-ordinary-hazard-2 EN 12845 class OH2: 5.00 mm/min density, 144 m² area of operation, 60 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh1-ordinary-hazard-1 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/oh1-ordinary-hazard-1 EN 12845 class OH1: 5.00 mm/min density, 72 m² area of operation, 60 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/nfpa20-en12845-pump-requirements-compared https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/nfpa20-en12845-pump-requirements-compared A row-by-row comparison of NFPA 20 and EN 12845 pump requirements: the overload protection ban, starting method, cranking, batteries, fuel volume, weekly and annual test regime and pump room conditions. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/nfpa13-en12845-fm-global-compared https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/nfpa13-en12845-fm-global-compared A full comparison of the NFPA 13, BS EN 12845 and FM Global sprinkler standards: unit systems, density and area, K-factor notation, water supply duration, storage, maintenance regime and which applies when. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/lh-light-hazard-class https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/lh-light-hazard-class EN 12845 class LH: 2.25 mm/min density, 84 m² area of operation, 30 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k80-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k80-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K80 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K5.6 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k57-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k57-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K57 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K3.9 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k480-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k480-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K480 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K33.6 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k400-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k400-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K400 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K28.0 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k360-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k360-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K360 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K25.2 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k320-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k320-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K320 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K22.4 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k280-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k280-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K280 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K19.6 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k242-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k242-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K242 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K16.8 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k202-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k202-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K202 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K14.0 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k160-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k160-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K160 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K11.2 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k115-sprinkler-flow-table https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/k115-sprinkler-flow-table Pressure-flow table for a K115 sprinkler from 0.5 to 12 bar, the pressure required at common density-area combinations, and the imperial K8.0 equivalent. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/inspection-testing-maintenance-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/inspection-testing-maintenance-guide Weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual checks; what each test verifies, acceptance criteria, record keeping and impairment management. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/inadequate-water-supply-cases https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/inadequate-water-supply-cases Why the water supply deviates from the design — tank volume, infill rate, falling mains pressure, suction problems and errors in the duration calculation. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hospital-fire-protection-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hospital-fire-protection-turkey Why hospital fire strategy rests on horizontal evacuation, compartmentation, the special cases of theatres and intensive care, medical gases and continuity. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hose-reels-and-hydrants-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/hose-reels-and-hydrants-turkey Hose reel types, siting and access rules, hydrant types and spacing, the fire brigade connection, pressure limits and periodic testing. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp3-high-hazard-process-3 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp3-high-hazard-process-3 EN 12845 class HHP3: 12.50 mm/min density, 260 m² area of operation, 90 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp2-high-hazard-process-2 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp2-high-hazard-process-2 EN 12845 class HHP2: 10.00 mm/min density, 260 m² area of operation, 90 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp1-high-hazard-process-1 https://selvi.org/en/blog/data/hhp1-high-hazard-process-1 EN 12845 class HHP1: 7.50 mm/min density, 260 m² area of operation, 90 minute water supply duration, required pressure by K-factor and typical occupancies. Data Tables Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/gaseous-suppression-compared https://selvi.org/en/blog/comparison/gaseous-suppression-compared A comparison of gaseous suppression systems: FM200, NOVEC 1230, IG-541 and CO2. Suppression mechanism, design concentration, occupant safety, cylinder room area, GWP, pressure relief and the door fan test. Comparison Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/freeze-damage-in-sprinkler-systems https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/freeze-damage-in-sprinkler-systems Where freezing starts, the twelve highest-risk locations, dry system and antifreeze options, heating solutions and a pre-winter checklist. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/foam-system-design-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/foam-system-design-guide Choosing the foam concentrate, proportioning methods, application types, tank and fuel applications, the move to F3 and testing and maintenance. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/fire-sprinkler-system-design-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/fire-sprinkler-system-design-guide The whole of sprinkler design from hazard classification to acceptance testing: density, area, K-factor, pipework, pump, water supply and the document set. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/fire-safety-management-and-drills https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/fire-safety-management-and-drills The elements of fire safety management, team structure, drill scenarios, hot work permits, impairment management and the records that must be kept. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/fire-risk-during-refurbishment https://selvi.org/en/blog/saha/fire-risk-during-refurbishment System impairment during refurbishment of an operating facility, hot work, temporary fire load, temporary detection and restoration checks before handover. Field Notes Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/high-rise-fire-requirements-turkey https://selvi.org/en/blog/bykhy/high-rise-fire-requirements-turkey The high-rise definition, pressure zones, protected stairs and pressurisation, firefighting lifts, the fire control centre, and what changes in sprinkler design. BYKHY Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/fire-pump-selection-guide https://selvi.org/en/blog/guides/fire-pump-selection-guide Setting the duty point, pump type, driver selection, NPSH check, redundancy, controllers and pump room design — the whole selection process. Comprehensive Guides Wed, 26 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fatih Selvi