Marmaray has a 3.5 km immersed tunnel, YHT high-speed links Ankara-Konya-Istanbul and metros span 350 km in 5 cities. Platforms are 10-20 m deep, trains carry 200-250 pax/car. NFPA 130 mandates tunnel jet fans 3 m/s, the 4 min egress rule, platform smoke layering and station sprinklers.
Rail Hazard
- Kings Cross 1988: 31 dead
- Daegu 2003: 192 dead Korea
- Battery fire: Li-ion EMU
- OCS 25 kV: Arcing
- Rubber tire: Tire fire
Tunnel Jet Fan
- Longitudinal: 3 m/s critical velocity
- Jet fan: 40 kW 400 C 2 h
- Spacing: 100 m
- CFD FDS: Smoke spread
- Marmaray: 33 jet fans
4 min Egress
- NFPA 130: 4 min off platform
- 6 min: Out of hazardous area
- Platform stairs: Both ends
- Capacity: 60 p/m/gate
- Waypoint: Psychology route
Platform Smoke
- Layering: 2.5 m clear
- Over-track exhaust: Above rail
- Cross-passage: 244 m max
- Fire rating: 60 min
- Watermist: Compact alternative
Turkey Rail
- Marmaray: 3.5 km immersed
- YHT Ankara-Istanbul: 533 km
- Istanbul Metro: 350 km
- Ankara Kizilay: Transfer
- 2020 Izmir: Cayrova line extension
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Sources & Further Reading
NFPA 130, NFPA 502, EN 45545, UIC 779, TCDD Marmaray. NFPA 130 Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems.