A battery energy storage system (BESS) is a large lithium-ion installation used for solar storage, grid stabilisation and data centre resilience. Containerised units of 20 to 40 ft are common. On the FM Global side, the governing data sheet for BESS is DS 5-33 Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems, and NFPA 855 is considered alongside it.
Scope: DS 5-33 or DS 7-112?
- FM DS 7-112 (October 2024, interim revision April 2025) §1.0 explicitly excludes energy storage systems and refers them to DS 5-33. Battery backup units fall under DS 5-32.
- DS 7-112 covers the manufacturing and storage of cells, modules and batteries: modules waiting in a factory or warehouse before installation fall under DS 7-112, while an operating BESS on site falls under DS 5-33.
- The lithium-ion hazard descriptions in DS 7-112 (thermal runaway, reignition, explosion) still inform BESS design; see the DS 7-112 lithium-ion article.
The Risk Profile
- Thousands of cells connected in series and parallel inside a container
- Thermal runaway propagates from cell to cell
- Vent gases include carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbons
- Suppression is difficult: DS 7-112 §1.1.3 notes that, to date, no testing shows active fire protection can stop a cell fire once it is enclosed in a module
Setback and Separation
- Containerised BESS outside a building: a minimum separation from the building facade
- A minimum separation between adjacent containers
- A fire-rated wall can allow the separation distance to be reduced
- NFPA 855 gives setback tables based on stored energy capacity
Protection Inside the Container
- Mechanical ventilation to prevent hydrogen accumulation
- Suppression by dry chemical or clean agent, with Novec 1230 common
- Multi-level smoke and gas detection
- Emergency shutdown: the BESS controller takes all cells to a safe state
Fire Service Response
- The fire service does not open the container; it cools it from outside
- External sprinklers cool the container shell at a defined application rate
- Adjacent containers are also sprinkler protected
- Reignition monitoring: cells can re-ignite long after the initial event
Quick Checklist
- FM DS 5-33 and NFPA 855 for the operating BESS; DS 7-112 for manufacturing and storage of the cells
- Setback from buildings and adjacent containers confirmed
- Mechanical ventilation and gas detection provided
- Internal suppression selected
- External cooling sprinklers on the container shell
- Extended reignition monitoring plan in place
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is a BESS fire so difficult to extinguish?
Thermal runaway in a lithium-ion cell is self-sustaining: the cell generates its own oxygen and heat, so removing external oxygen does not stop it, and the reaction propagates from cell to cell. Inside a sealed container there is limited access, so the practical strategy is cooling the enclosure from outside and preventing spread rather than extinguishing the pack.
Why is mechanical ventilation required in a BESS container?
Cells in thermal runaway vent hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. In a sealed container those gases accumulate and can reach an explosive concentration, so continuous mechanical ventilation is provided to keep the atmosphere below that threshold, together with gas detection to warn when venting begins.
How are setback distances determined for a containerised BESS?
Setback follows the stored energy capacity, with tables in NFPA 855 and criteria in the FM Global data sheets. A minimum separation is required from building facades and between adjacent containers, and a fire-rated wall can be used to reduce that distance where site constraints demand it.
Why does reignition monitoring continue for days after a BESS fire?
Damaged cells can retain enough stored energy and internal damage to re-enter thermal runaway long after the visible fire is out. That is why thermal imaging and gas detection continue for an extended period, and why personnel are kept out of the area until gas readings and temperatures are confirmed clear.
Does DS 7-112 apply to an operating BESS?
No. DS 7-112 §1.0 excludes energy storage systems and refers them to DS 5-33. DS 7-112 applies while the cells and modules destined for a BESS are being manufactured and stored.
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Download MEP Calc on the App StoreFM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-33, Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems; FM Global Data Sheet 7-112, Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing and Storage (October 2024, interim revision April 2025) §1.0, §1.1; NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems; International Fire Code energy storage provisions.