Malls of 85,000-175,000 m2 host Turkey's biggest mall atriums. A 4-storey 25 m atrium sees 80,000 daily visitors. NFPA 92 requires atrium smoke control with 1.8 m clear height, CFD FDS 6 modelling, 400 °C 2 h exhaust fans and balanced makeup air.

Atrium Geometry

  • Height: 20-40 m typical
  • Open balcony: 4-6 storeys
  • Shop opening: Open to atrium
  • Glass roof: Skylight smoke vent
  • Foot traffic: 80,000/day peak

NFPA 92 Calc

  • Clear height: 1.8 m above egress
  • Smoke layer: z = height of the smoke layer interface
  • Plume mass flow (sizes the exhaust): m = 0.071 Q^1/3 z^5/3
  • Makeup air: 85-95 percent of exhaust, velocity max 1 m/s
  • Egress time: the smoke layer interface must stay above the highest unprotected opening to adjoining spaces, or 1.8 m above the highest floor level of exit access open to the atrium, for 1.5 times the calculated egress time or 20 minutes, whichever is greater (NFPA 101-2024, 8.6.7(5))

CFD FDS

  • Fire Dynamics Simulator: NIST's open-source CFD tool
  • Mesh: 10-20 cm cell
  • Design HRR: 5 MW retail
  • Steady state: 20 min run
  • ASET vs RSET: Safe egress

Exhaust Fan

  • Capacity: 50-200 m3/s
  • Temperature rating: fire-rated fan, 400 °C for 2 h
  • Motor out of flow: Heat isolation
  • Redundancy: N+1
  • Control: FSCS (firefighter's smoke control station)

Turkey Malls

  • Largest examples: 155,000-175,000 m2
  • Mid-to-large malls: 85,000-103,000 m2
  • A mall project: smoke control design reference

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Sources & Further Reading

NFPA 92, NFPA 101, IBC 909, NIST FDS 6. NFPA 92 Smoke Control Systems.