Paper mills hold 100+ rolls 8 m high, 50-100 m dryer machines and pulping/bleaching lines. Cellulose dust has Kst 150; a dry paper roll has 2500 MJ/m2 fire load. NFPA 13 Ordinary Hazard Group 2 and FM DS 8-1 roll-storage rules apply.
Paper Fire Load
- Office paper: 15 MJ/kg
- Roll density: 600-800 kg/m3
- Stack 6 m: 3000 MJ/m2
- Fire load: OH2 classification
- Flame spread: Class A corridors
Roll Storage ESFR
- ESFR K=25.2: 12 m storage
- 12 sprinkler room: 3.4 bar
- Flue space: Transverse 150 mm
- In-rack: For horizontal storage
- FM DS 8-1: Rolled paper standard
Dryer Section
- Steam drum: 10 bar 180 C
- Sprinkler: Under hood + above belt
- Broke handling: Paper fragment fires
- Hood: Arched ceiling sprinkler
- Felt: Wool + fabric flammable
Pulp Mill and Bleaching
- Black liquor: Recovery boiler
- ClO2 plant: NFPA 55 gas
- Lime kiln: 1000 C fire
- Turpentine: Class IB liquid
- Sprinkler density: 12.2 L/min/m2 OH2
Turkish Paper Mills
- SEKA (Izmit): Closed 2005
- Kipas Kahramanmaras: 1.5 Mt/y
- OYKA Kastamonu: Packaging paper
- Dalaman SEKA: 1993 major fire
- Hayat Paper: Tissue/paper towel
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Sources & Further Reading
NFPA 13, NFPA 664, FM DS 8-1, FM DS 7-54, TAPPI guides. NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems.