Ataturk Olympic Stadium holds 75,000; Istanbul and Turk Telekom Arena 52,000; Sukru Saracoglu 47,000. The Bradford 1985 (UK) fire ignited rubbish under the wooden stand; 56 died. NFPA 102 sets 60 m egress, FR (Flame Retardant) seats and bans combustible storage under stands.
NFPA 102 Egress
- Travel distance: 60 m max egress
- Common path: 23 m
- Aisle capacity: 5 mm per person
- Exit width: 13 mm stair per person
- Rise/run: 203 mm / 280 mm
Seat Material
- Polypropylene: UV stable
- HDPE FR: Flame retardant
- Cal 133: California test
- EN 1021: Cigarette + match
- Smoke density: 450 Ds 4 min
Stadium Sprinkler
- Under stand: 8.1 L/min/m2
- VIP box: 4.1 L/min/m2
- Kitchen: NFPA 96
- Cafe area: Open air none
- Roof canopy: ETFE non-combustible
Crowd Management
- Crowd density: 3-4 p/m2
- Panic distance: 10 m wide
- Stewards: 1 per 250 people
- PA: 10 dB over ambient
- CCTV: Critical zones
Historic Disasters
- Bradford 1985: 56 dead, 265 injured
- Hillsborough 1989: 97 dead crush
- Port Said 2012: 74 dead stand
- Heysel 1985: 39 dead
- Ikitelli Ataturk: 75,000 capacity
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Sources & Further Reading
NFPA 102, NFPA 101, FIFA Stadium Guide, Green Guide UK, Taylor Report 1990. NFPA 102 Grandstands and Folding and Telescopic Seating.